Report of the Judge Advocate General to the Secretary of War.
Judge Advocate
General’s Office, March 2, 1868
- SIR — I have the honor to transmit for your consideration the
accompanying depositions of:
- Corporal William Pettinger, Company G, Second Regiment Ohio
Volunteers:
- Private Jacob Parrot, Company K, Thirty-third Regiment Ohio
Volunteers:
- Private Robert Buffum, Company H, Twenty-first Regiment Ohio
Volunteers:
- Corporal William Reddick, Company B, Thirty-third Regiment
Ohio Volunteers; and
- Private William Bensinger, Company G, Twenty-first Regiment
Ohio Volunteers;
- Taken at this office on the 25th instant, in compliance with
your written instructions, from which the following facts will appear:
- These non-commissioned officers and privates belonged to an
expedition set on foot in April, 1862, at the suggestion of Mr. J. J. Andrews,
a citizen of Kentucky, who led it, and under the authority and direction of
General O. M. Mitchell, the object of which was to destroy the communications
on the Georgia State Railroad, between Atlanta and Chattanooga.
- The mode of operation proposed was to reach a point on the
road where they could seize a locomotive and train of cars, and then dash back
in the direction of Chattanooga, cutting the telegraph wires and burning the
bridges behind them as they advanced, until they reached their own lines. The
expedition consisted of twenty-four men, who, with the exception of its
leader, Mr. Andrews, and another citizen of Kentucky, who acted on the
occasion as the substitute of a soldier, had been selected from the different
companies for their known courage and discretion.
- They were informed that the movement was to be a secret one,
and they doubtless comprehended something of its perils, but Mr. Andrews and
Mr. Reddick alone seem to have known anything of its precise direction or
object. They, however, voluntarily engaged in it, and made their way, in
parties of two and three, in citizen's dress, and carrying only their side
arms, to Chattanooga, the point of rendezvous agreed upon, where twenty-two
out of the twenty-four arrived safely. Here they took passage, without
attracting observation, for Marietta, which they reached at 12 o'clock on the
night of the 11th of April.
- The following morning they took the cars back again toward
Chattanooga, and at a place called Big Shanty, while the engineer and
passengers were breakfasting, they detached the locomotive and three box-cars
from the train and started at full speed for Chattanooga. They were now upon
the field of the perilous operations proposed by the expedition, but suddenly
encountered unforeseen obstacles. According to the schedule of the road, of
which Mr. Andrews had possessed himself, they should have met but a single
train -on that day, whereas they met three, two of them being engaged on
extraordinary service.
- About an hour was lost in waiting to allow these trains to
pass, which enabled their pursuers to press closely upon them. They removed
rails, threw out obstructions on the road, and cut the wires from time to
time, and attained, when in motion, a speed of sixty miles an hour; but the
time lost could not be regained. — After having run about one hundred miles,
they found their supply of wood, water, and oil exhausted, while the rebel
locomotive which had been chasing them was in sight. Under these circumstances
they had no alternative but to abandon their cars and fly to the woods, which
they did, under the orders of Mr. Andrews, each one endeavoring to save
himself as best he might.
- The expedition thus failed from causes which reflected neither
upon the genius by which it was planned, nor upon the intrepidity and
discretion of those engaged in conducting it. But for the accident of meeting
the extra trains, which could not have been anticipated, the movement would
have been a complete success, and the whole aspect of the war in the South and
South west would have been at once changed. The expedition in itself, in the
daring of its conception, had the wildness of a romance; while in the gigantic
and overwhelming results, which it sought and was likely to accomplish, it was
absolutely sublime.
- The estimate of its character entertained in the South will be
found filly expressed in an editorial from the Southern Confederacy, a
prominent rebel journal, under date of the 15th of April, and which is
appended to and adopted as a part of Mr. Pettinger's deposition. The editor
says: "The mind and heart shrink back appalled at the bare contemplation of
the awful consequences which would have followed the success of this one act.
We doubt if the victory of Manassas or Corinth were worth as much to us as the
frustration of this grand coup d'etat. It is not by any means certain
that the annihilation of Beauregard's whole army at Corinth would be so fatal
a blow to us as would have been the burning of the bridges at that time by
these men."
- So soon as those composing the expedition had left the cars,
and dispersed themselves in the woods, the population of the country around
turned out in their pursuit, employing for this purpose the dogs which are
trained to hunt down the fugitive slaves of the South. The whole twenty-two
were captured. Among them was private Jacob Parrot, of Company K, Thirty-third
Regiment Ohio Volunteers. When arrested, he was, without any form of trial,
taken possession of by a military officer and four soldiers, who stripped him,
bent him over a stone, and while two pistols were held over his head, a
lieutenant in rebel uniform inflicted, with a raw hide, upwards of a hundred
lashes on his bare back. This was done in the presence of an infuriated crowd,
who clamored for his blood, and actually brought a rope with which to hang
him. The object of this prolonged scourging was to force this young man to
confess to them the object of the expedition, and the names of his comrades,
especially that of the engineer who had run the train. Their purpose was, no
doubt, not only to take the life of the latter, if identified, but to do so
with every circumstance of humiliation and torture which they could devise.
- Three times, in the progress of this horrible flogging, it was
suspended, and Mr. Parrot was asked if he would not confess, but steadily and
firmly, to the last, he refused all disclosures, and it was not till his
tormentors were weary of their brutal work that the task of subduing their
victim was abandoned as hopeless. This youth is an orphan, without father or
mother, and without any of the advantages of education. Soon after the
rebellion broke out, though but eighteen years of age, he left his trade, and
threw himself into the ranks of our armies, as a volunteer; and now, though
still suffering from the outrages committed on his person in the South, he is
on his way to rejoin his regiment, seeming to love his country only the more
for all that he has endured in its defence.
- His subdued and modest manner, while narrating the part he had
borne in this expedition, showed him to be wholly unconscious of having done
anything more than perform his simple duty as a soldier. Such Spartan
fortitude, and such fidelity to the trusts of friendship and to the
inspirations of patriotism, deserve an enduring record in the archives of the
Government, and will find it, I am sure, in the hearts of a loyal people.
- The twenty-two captives, when secured, were thrust into the
negro jail of Chattanooga. They occupied a single room, half under ground, and
but thirteen feet square, so that there was not space enough for them all to
lie down together, and a part of them were, in consequence, obliged to sleep
sitting and leaning against the walls. The only entrance was through a
trap-door in the ceiling, that was raised twice a day to let down their scanty
meals, which were lowered in a bucket.
- They had no other light or ventilation than that which came
through two small, triple-grated windows. They were covered with swarming
vermin, and the heat was so oppressive that they were often obliged to strip
themselves entirely of their clothes to bear it. Add to this, they were all
handcuffed, and, with trace chains secured by padlocks around their necks,
were fastened to each other in companies of twos and threes. Their food, which
was doled out to them twice a day, consisted of a little flour, wet with water
and baked in the form of bread, and spoiled pickled beef. They had no
opportunity of procuring any supplies from the outside, nor had they any means
of doing so; their pockets having been rifled of their last cent by the
Confederate authorities, prominent among whom was an officer wearing the rebel
uniform of a major. No part of the money thus basely taken was ever returned.
- During this imprisonment at Chattanooga their leader, Mr.
Andrews, was tried and condemned as a spy, and was subsequently executed at
Atlanta, the 7th of June. They were strong and in perfect health when they
entered the negro jail, but at the end of something more than three weeks,
when they were required to leave it, they were so exhausted from the treatment
to which they had been subjected, as scarcely to be able to walk, and several
staggered from weakness as they passed through the streets to the cars.
- Finally, twelve of the number, including the five who have
deposed, and Mr. Mason, of Company K, 21st Regiment Ohio Volunteers, who was
prevented by illness from giving his evidence—were
transferred to the prison of Knoxville, Tennessee. On arriving there, seven of
them were arraigned before a Court-Martial, charged with being spies. Their
trial, of course, was summary. They were permitted to be present, but not to
hear either the argument of their own counsel or that of the Judge Advocate.
Their counsel, however, afterwards visited the prison and read to them the
written defence which he made before the court in their behalf. The substance
of that paper is thus stated by one of the witnesses, Corporal Pettinger:—"He
(the counsel) contended that our being dressed in citizen's clothes was
nothing more than what the Confederate Government itself had authorized, and
was only what all the guerillas in the service of the Confederacy did on all
occasions when it would be an advantage to them to do so; and he recited the
instance of Gen. Morgan having dressed his men in the uniform of our soldiers,
and passed them off as being from the 8th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment, and
by that means succeeded in reaching a railroad and destroying it. This
instance was mentioned to show that our being in citizen's clothes did not
take from us the protection awarded to prisoners of war. The plea went on
further to state that we had told the object of our expedition; that it was a
purely military one for the destruction of communications, and as such, lawful
according to the rules of war."
- This just and unanswerable presentation of the case appears to
have produced its appropriate impression. Several members of the Court-Martial
afterward called on the prisoners, and assured them that, from the evidence
against them, they could not be condemned as spies; that they had come for a
certain known object, and not having lingered about or visited any of their
camps, obtaining or seeking information, they could not be convicted. Soon
thereafter all the prisoners were removed to Atlanta, Ga., and they left
Knoxville under a belief that their comrades, who had been tried, either had
been or would be acquitted. In the meantime, however, the views entertained
and expressed to them by the members of the court were overcome, it may be
safely assumed, under the prompting of the remorseless despotism at Richmond.
On the 18th of June, after their arrival at Atlanta, where they rejoined the
comrades from whom they had been separated at Chattanooga, their prison door
was opened, and the death sentences of the seven who had been tried at
Knoxville were read to them. No time for preparation was allowed them. They
were told to bid their friends farewell, "and to be quick about it." They were
at once tied and carried out to execution. Among the seven was private Samuel
Robinson, Co. G, 33d Ohio Volunteers, who was too ill to walk. He was,
however, pinioned like the rest, and in this condition was dragged from the
floor on which he was lying, to the the scaffold. In an hour or more the
cavalry escort, which had accompanied them, was seen returning with the cart,
but the cart was empty —the tragedy had been consummated!
- On that evening and the following morning the prisoners
learned from the Provost-Marshal and guard that their comrades had died, as
all true soldiers of the Republic should die, in the presence of its enemies.
Among the revolting incidents which they mentioned in connection with this
cowardly butchery, was the fall of two of the victims from the breaking of the
ropes, after they had been for some time suspended. On their being restored to
consciousness, they begged for an hour in which to pray and to prepare for
death, but this was refused them. The ropes were readjusted, and the execution
at once proceeded.
- Among those who thus perished was Private Geo. D. Wilson,
Company C, 21st Ohio Volunteers. He was a mechanic from Cincinnati, who, in
the exercise of his trade, had travelled much through the States North and
South, and who had a greatness of soul which sympathized intensely with our
struggle for national life, and was in that dark hour filled with joyous
convictions of our final triumph. Though surrounded by a scowling crowd,
impatient for his sacrifice, he did not hesitate, while standing under the
gallows, to make them a brief address. He told them that, though they were all
wrong, he had no hostile feelings toward the Southern people, believing that
not they but their leaders were responsible for the Rebellion; that he was no
spy, as charged, but a soldier regularly detailed for military duty; that he
did not regret to die for his country, but only regretted the manner of his
death; and he added, for their admonition, that they would yet see the time
when the old Union would be restored, and when its flag would wave over them
again. And with these words the brave man died. He, like his comrades, calmly
met the ignominious doom of a felon—but, happily, ignominious for him and for
them only so far as the martyrdom of the patriot and the hero can be degraded
by the hands of ruffians and traitors.
- The remaining prisoners, now reduced to fourteen, were kept
closely confined, under special guard, in the jail at Atlanta, until October,
when, overhearing a conversation between the jailer and another officer, they
became satisfied that it was the purpose of the authorities to hang them, as
they had done their companions. This led them to form a plan for their escape,
which they carried into execution on the evening of the next day, by seizing
the jailer when he opened the door to carry away the bucket in which their
supper had been brought. This was followed by the seizure also of seven guards
on duty, and before the alarm was given eight of the fugitives were beyond the
reach of pursuit. It has been since ascertained that six of theses after long
and painful wanderings, succeeded in reaching our lines. Of the fate of the
other two, nothing is known. The remaining six of the fourteen, consisting of
five witnesses who have deposed, and Mr. Mason, were re-captured and confined
in the barracks until December, when they were removed to Richmond. There they
were shut up in a room in Castle Thunder, where they shivered through the
winter, without fire, thinly clad, and with but two small blankets, which they
had saved with their clothes, to cover the whole party. So they remained until
a few days since, when they were exchanged; and thus, at the end of eleven
months, terminated their pitiless persecutions in the prisons of the
South—persecution begun and continued amid indignities and sufferings on their
part, and atrocities on the part of their traitorous foes, which illustrate
far more faithfully than any human language could express it, the demoniac
spirit of a revolt, every throb of whose life is a crime against the very race
to which we belong.
- Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
- J. Holt, Judge Advocate General
- Hon. Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War.
Ohio boys in Dixie: the adventures of twenty-two scouts
sent by Gen. O. M. Mitchell to destroy a railroad; with a narrative of their
barbarous treatment by the Rebels and Judge Holt's report,
New York: Miller & Mathews,1863
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